July 2nd: A Day of History

LBJ's Pen Changed America's Legal Landscape

President Kennedy first proposed the civil rights bill in June 1963, after the Birmingham campaign shocked the nation. When Kennedy was assassinated, Johnson used the moment to push the bill through a divided Congress Reflector. Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen of Illinois provided the key Republican votes to break the filibuster, declaring, "Stronger than all the armies is an idea whose time has come."

Johnson reportedly told an aide after the signing, "I think we just delivered the South to the Republican Party for a long time to come." He was right. The law accelerated a political shift that moved white conservative Southern voters from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party — a realignment that still shapes U.S. politics today WDRB.

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East St. Louis Massacre and Garfield's Shooting Bookend the Century

In 1917, also on July 2, white mobs attacked Black residents in East St. Louis, Illinois, in one of the deadliest racial attacks in U.S. history. Between 39 and 200 Black residents were killed. Property damage reached roughly $400,000 — about $20 million today. The violence was fueled by labor tensions, as white workers resented Black migrants hired at industrial plants Lima Ohio.

Thirty-six years earlier, on July 2, 1881, President James A. Garfield was shot at a Washington, D.C., train station by Charles J. Guiteau, a disgruntled man who believed Garfield owed him a government job in Paris. Garfield died in 1882. The assassination exposed the dangers of the political "spoils system" and led directly to the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 Lima Ohio.

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Walmart Opens Its Doors and the Supreme Court Revives the Death Penalty

On July 2, 1962, Sam Walton opened the first Walmart — then called "Wal-Mart Discount City" — in Rogers, Arkansas. It was the same year Kmart and Target launched, making 1962 a turning point in American retail. Walton's edge was logistics. By 1967, the Walton family owned 24 stores with $12.7 million in sales KULR8. Today, Walmart employs 2.1 million people worldwide.

On July 2, 1976, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Gregg v. Georgia that the death penalty was not "cruel and unusual" under the Eighth Amendment. The ruling ended a four-year moratorium on executions Lima Ohio. Justice Thurgood Marshall dissented, arguing Americans would reject the death penalty as "morally unacceptable" if fully informed. Since the ruling, more than 1,500 executions have been carried out in the U.S.

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Ghislaine Maxwell Arrested After Years on the Run

On July 2, 2020, FBI agents arrested British socialite Ghislaine Maxwell at her home in Bradford, New Hampshire. She was charged with helping Jeffrey Epstein lure and abuse minors Lima Ohio. Acting U.S. Attorney Audrey Strauss said Maxwell "played a critical role in the grooming and abuse" of victims. Maxwell was later convicted on five of six counts and sentenced to 20 years in federal prison.

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